Citas de Immanuel Wallerstein

• The mark of the modern world is the imagination of its profiteers and the counter-assertiveness of the oppressed. Exploitation and the refusal to accept exploitation as either inevitable or just constitute the continuing antinomy of the modern era, joined together in a dialectic which has far from reached its climax in the twentieth century.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Imagination, Together, World

  Immanuel Wallerstein (2011). “The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century, With a New Prologue”, p.357, Univ of California Press

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• The world system is coming to the structural crisis

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  World, Crisis

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• La incertidumbre es maravillosa, y.. la certeza, si fuera real, sería la muerte moral.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Real, Would Be, Moral

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1999). “The End of the World as We Know it: Social Science for the Twenty-first Century”, p.4, U of Minnesota Press

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• To be sure, the use of force by one party in a market transaction in order to improve his price was no invention of capitalism. Unequal exchange is an ancient practice. What was remarkable about capitalism as a historical system was the way in which this unequal exchange could be hidden; indeed, hidden so well that it is only after five hundred years of the operation of this mechanism that even the avowed opponents of the system have begun to unveil it systematically.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Party, Order, Years

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• For the other end of the spectrum, the 50 to 85 percent of the world's population who are not the recipients of privilege, the world they know is almost certainly worse than any their earlier counterparts knew. It is likely they are worse off materially, despite the technological changes. In substantive as opposed to formal terms, they are more, not less, subject to arbitrary constraints, since the central mechanisms are more pervasive and more efficient. And they bear the brunt of the various kinds of psychic malaise, as well as of the destructiveness of civil wars.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  War, Psychics, Technological Change

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• People resist exploitation. They resist as actively as they can, as passively as they must.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  People, Exploitation

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• Are there still other possibilities? Of course there are. What is important to recognize is that all three historical options are really there, and the choice will depend on our collective world behavior over the next fifty years. Whichever option is chosen, it will not be the end of history, but in a real sense its beginning. The human social world is still very young in cosmological time. In 2050 or 2100, when we look back at capitalist civilization, what will we think?

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Real, Pensamiento, Años

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• Historical capitalism is a materialist civilization.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Civilization, Historical, Capitalism

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.47, Verso

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• El primer aspecto de esta crisis, y probablemente el más fundamental, es que estamos cerca de la mercantilización de todo. Es decir, el capitalismo histórico está en crisis precisamente porque, al perseguir la acumulación interminable de capital, está empezando a aproximarse a ese estado del ser que Adam Smith afirmaba que era "natural" para el hombre pero que nunca ha existido históricamente. La "propensión [de la humanidad] al trueque, al trueque y al intercambio de una cosa por otra" ha entrado en dominios y zonas que antes no se habían tocado, y la presión para expandir la mercantilización está relativamente descontrolada.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Men, Humanity, Historical

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• Communism is Utopia, that is nowhere. It is the avatar of all our religious eschatologies: the coming of the Messiah, the second coming of Christ, nirvana. It is not a historical prospect, but a current mythology. Socialism, by contrast, is a realizable historical system which may one day be instituted in the world.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Religious, Historical, One Day

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• It is, let me say, at the very least by no means self-evident that there is more liberty, equality, and fraternity in the world today than there was one thousand years ago. One might arguably suggest that the opposite is true. I seek to paint no idyll of the worlds before historical capitalism. They were worlds of little liberty, little equality, and little fraternity. The only question is whether historical capitalism represented progress in these regards, or regression.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Mean, Self, Years

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.100, Verso

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• Truth as a cultural ideal has functioned as an opiate, perhaps the only serious opiate of the modern world. Karl Marx said that religion was the opiate of the masses. Raymond Aron retorted that Marxist ideas were in turn the opiate of the intellectuals. There is perspicacity in both these polemical thrusts. But is perspicacity truth? I wish to suggest that perhaps truth has been the real opiate, of both the masses and the intellectuals.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Real, Ideas, Having Fun

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.81, Verso

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• The language of intrinsic human rights represented a significant advance beyond the previous language of world religions in terms of its universal applicability and its thiswordliness.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Rights, World Religions, Language

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• Capitalism is first and foremost a historical social system.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Historical, Firsts, Social

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.13, Verso

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• We must distinguish between the kind of structural transformation that would leave in place (even increase) the realities of the exploitation of labor, and one that would undo this kind of exploitation or at least radically reduce it

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Reality, Transformation, Kind

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.106, Verso

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• Lo que es diferente en la civilización capitalista han sido dos cosas. En primer lugar, el proceso de meritocracia se ha proclamado como una virtud oficial en lugar de ser simplemente una realidad de facto. La cultura ha sido diferente. Y en segundo lugar, ha aumentado el porcentaje de la población mundial para la que ese ascenso era posible. Pero aunque haya crecido, el ascenso meritocrático sigue siendo en gran medida atributo de una minoría.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Reality, Two, Civilization

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• The second reason why we haven't observed the growing gap is that our historical and social science analyses have concentrated on what has been happening within the 'middle classes' - that is, to that ten to fifteen percent of the population of the world-economy who consumed more surplus than they themselves produced. Within this sector there really has been a relatively dramatic flattening of the curve between the very top (less than one percent of the total population) and the truly 'middle' segments, or cadres (the rest of the ten to fifteen percent).

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Curves, Class, Historical

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• No es de extrañar que los liberales creyeran en el progreso. La idea de progreso justificaba toda la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo. Legitimaba la ruptura de la oposición que quedaba a la mercantilización de todo, y tendía a borrar todos los aspectos negativos del capitalismo aduciendo que los beneficios superaban, con mucho, a los perjuicios.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Ideas, Progress, Transition

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.97, Verso

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• It is historically the case that virtually every new zone incorporated into the world-economy established levels of real remuneration which were at the bottom of the world-system's hierarchy of wage-levels.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Real, World, Levels

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.39, Verso

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• Por eso podemos decir que el desarrollo histórico del capitalismo ha implicado el empuje hacia la mercantilización de todo.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Historical, Development, May

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.16, Verso

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• I am suggesting that there is, and always has been, a rather high correlation between ethnicity and occupation/economic role throughout the various time-space zones of historical capitalism.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Ethnicity, Space, Historical

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.77, Verso

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• When systems come to be far from points of equilibrium, they reach bifurcation points, wherein multiple, as opposed to unique, solutions, to instability become possible.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Unique, Bifurcation, Equilibrium

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• We can tentatively credit capitalist civilization with a positive, if very geographically uneven, record in the struggle against disease.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Struggle, Civilization, Credit

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.120, Verso

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• La cuestión básica que plantea la "nueva ciencia" para nuestro balance es la de qué preguntas científicas no se han planteado durante 500 años, qué riesgos científicos no se han perseguido. Plantea la cuestión de quién ha decidido qué riesgos científicos merecía la pena correr, y cuáles han sido las consecuencias en términos de las estructuras de poder del mundo.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Issues, Years, Risk

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• The primary ideology that operated to create, socialize, and reproduce them was not the ideology of racism. It was that of universalism.

  Immanuel Wallerstein

  Racism, Ideology, Universalism

  Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1995). “Capistalist Civilisation”, p.80, Verso

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