Carl Zimmer Quotes

• In 1494, King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy. Within months, his army collapsed and fled. It was routed not by the Italian army but by a microbe. A mysterious new disease spread through sex killed many of Charles’s soldiers and left survivors weak and disfigured. French soldiers spread the disease across much of Europe, and then it moved into Africa and Asia. Many called it the French disease. The French called it the Italian disease. Arabs called it the Christian disease. Today, it is called syphilis.

  Carl Zimmer

  Christian, Kings, Sex

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• About 1.2% of the human genome is made up of genes, things that encode for proteins, the stuff that we consider us. There is about 8.3% that's a virus. In other words we're probably about seven times more virus than we are human genes, which is kind of a weird way to thinking about yourself.

  Carl Zimmer

  Thinking About You, Stuff, Way

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Parasites are not only incredibly diverse; they are also incredibly successful. There are parasitic stretches of DNA in your own genes, some of which are called retrotransposons. Many of the parasitic stretches were originally viruses that entered our DNA. Most of them don't do us any harm. They just copy and insert themselves in other parts of our DNA, basically replicating themselves. Sometimes they hop into other species and replicate themselves in a new host. According to one estimate, roughly one-third to one-half of all human DNA is basically parasitic.

  Carl Zimmer

  Successful, Dna, Half

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• Today, when we look at a brain, we see an intricate network of billions of neurons in constant, crackling communication, a chemical labyrinth that senses the world outside and within, produces love and sorrow, keeps our hearts beating and lungs breathing, composes our thoughts, and constructs our consciousness.

  Carl Zimmer

  Communication, Heart, Breathing

  Carl Zimmer (2014). “Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain--and How it Changed the World”, p.5, Simon and Schuster

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• We really depend on viruses for our complete survival.

  Carl Zimmer

  Survival, Viruses, Depends

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• There is some research that suggests that viruses like the flu are really actually kind of at the razor's edge when it comes to mutation. They're mutating so fast that if they mutated much faster they would actually develop a lot of harmful mutations that could slow them down and cripple them and eventually literally drive them extinct.

  Carl Zimmer

  Viruses, Mutation, Research

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Viruses don't just make us sick. They can actually sometimes end up in our genomes.

  Carl Zimmer

  Sick, Viruses, Sometimes

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• The only kinds of ways we have to deal with viruses are old school, so vaccines for example are very effective, but the first vaccines were invented in the 1700's, so we're talking about technology that is over 200 years-old.

  Carl Zimmer

  Old School, Technology, Vaccines

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• The hand is where the mind meets the world.

  Carl Zimmer

  Science, Hands, Mind

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• The reason that viruses are so hard to fight, the reason for example we need a flu virus every year is that they evolve very fast.

  Carl Zimmer

  Fighting, Years, Example

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• When you get sick with the flu you get infected with flu viruses and they make lots of new flu viruses, but those new viruses are not exact copies of the old ones. They have mutations in them. A lot of those mutations are harmful.

  Carl Zimmer

  Sick, Viruses, Mutation

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• We may be sucking in all sorts of viruses and we really don't know the full range of them. Maybe we've got flu virus inside of us. That's a possibility. Maybe we're part flu.

  Carl Zimmer

  Viruses, May, Flu

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• We have Borna virus genes. We're part Borna virus, which is weird, but apparently our cells and our genomes in a weird way might actually be grabbing these viruses, grabbing genetic material from the viruses that are infecting it and pulling them into their own genome.

  Carl Zimmer

  Cells, Viruses, Might

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Over millions of years the viruses in our genome mutate more and more so the look less and less and less recognizable as viruses and so if there was a virus that infected our pre mammal ancestors like 250 million years ago, which it probably did, we can't see it because it just looks totally random.

  Carl Zimmer

  Years, Mammals, Viruses

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• If you're looking for your own idea of your own identity you know the human genome may not be the best place to look for it. You're just looking at a bunch of viruses.

  Carl Zimmer

  Ideas, Identity, Viruses

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• One of the big challenges now is to figure out just how many viruses there really are in the human genome. So far the estimate is 8.3% of our genome is virus, but it actually could be a lot higher.

  Carl Zimmer

  Challenges, Viruses, Figures

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• At long last, we may be returning to the original two-sided sense of the word virus, which originally signified either a life-giving substance or a deadly venom. Viruses are indeed exquisitely deadly, but they have provided the world with some of its most important innovations. Creation and destruction join together once more.

  Carl Zimmer

  Origin Of Life, Two, Long

  Carl Zimmer (2012). “A Planet of Viruses”, p.94, University of Chicago Press

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• I wouldn't be a very good hunter without these glasses. I'm not a very good hunter with these glasses, but I'd be even worse without them, so that would put a crimp in how many kids I could have, so all of these medical advances have at least in some parts of the world blunted natural selection.

  Carl Zimmer

  Kids, Glasses, Hunters

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Borna virus is not a retrovirus. It doesn't actually insert its own genes into our cells. What it does is just hangs out near our DNA and uses some of the molecular machinery to copy itself.

  Carl Zimmer

  Dna, Cells, Viruses

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Evolution is a large political controversy as to what should be taught in the schools. But there is no scientific controversy that we evolved when we talk about evidence from fossils and DNA.

  Carl Zimmer

  School, Dna, Political

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• Evolution has led to some populations of people being able to digest milk without much trouble when they're adults as well.

  Carl Zimmer

  People, Adults, Population

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Researchers keep identifying new species, but they have no idea about the life cycle of a given species or its other hosts. They cut open an animal and find a new species. Where did it come from? What effect does it have on its host? What is its next host? They don't know and they don't have time to find out, because there are too many other species waiting to be discovered and described.

  Carl Zimmer

  Cutting, Science, Animal

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• If the world goes crazy for a lovely fossil, that's fine with me. But if that fossil releases some kind of mysterious brain ray that makes people say crazy things and write lazy articles, a serious swarm of flies ends up in my ointment.

  Carl Zimmer

  Crazy, Writing, People

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• It used to be thought that only a certain kind of virus could get into our genome and it's called a retrovirus and that's a virus that might be HIV for example.

  Carl Zimmer

  Example, Viruses, Hiv

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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• Everybody can digest milk when they're little.

  Carl Zimmer

  Littles, Milk

  Fuente: bigthink.com

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